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Management of Sumatran Tiger Welfare and its Benefit as One of Animals Attraction in Bandung Zoo, West Java

ILMA PAGIA FAUZIA. Management of Sumatran Tiger Welfare and its Benefit as One of Animals Attraction in Bandung Zoo, West Java. Supervised by BURHANUDDIN MASY’UD and RESTI MEILANI.

Zoo is one of ex-situ conservation institutions that should pay attention to the welfare of animals. Zoo also has a function as recreational and educational. The purposes of this study were to identify the management of the welfare of Sumatran tigers in Bandung Zoo in relation to the principle of welfare, to measure the level of welfare of tigers in Bandung Zoo, to identify visitor's perception of the condition of tigers as wildlife exhibition (tourism) in Bandung Zoo, and to arrange management recommendations for tiger as exhibit in Bandung zoo. The results showed that the management of tiger at Bandung Zoo consisted of three main activities, freedom of natural behavior, the cage and health management. The welfare of tiger at Bandung Zoo were included in the sufficient to good category. Management of welfare, animal support facilities, and tourism support facilities at Bandung zoo are still need tape improved.

Keywords: Bandung zoo, tourism, sumatran tiger


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The Characteristic of Mitochondrion DNA Genetic Marker as Sumatran Tiger Genetic Conservation Reference

ULFI FAIZAH. The Characteristic of Mitochondrion DNA Genetic Marker as Sumatran Tiger Genetic Conservation Reference. Under direction of DEDY DURYADI SOLIHIN and LIGAYA ITA TUMBELAKA

Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae) now is decreasing and threatened for extinction. Therefore, the conservation effort must be done, including genetic conservation. Cytochrome b (Cyt. b) and D-loop at DNA mitochondrial have been used a lot to learn genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship. The aims of this research are (1) to analyze genetic diversity based on genetic marker with partial Cyt. b region and HVS-I of D-loop region from Sumatran tiger; and (2) to determine Sumatran tiger phylogeny between individual and between tigers subspecies in the world. Amplification with PCR method in whole Cyt. b region used primers UF-05 and UF-07 (1299 bp), partial Cyt. b used primer UF-06 and UF-07 (675 bp), HVS-I of D-Loop used primer UF-03 and UF-04 (567 bp). Next, all PCR products sequenced. Data analyzed by MEGA-IV software using multiple alignments with other tigers sequence from GenBank. Phylogeny reconstruction analyzed by Neighbor-Joining method with 1000 bootstrapped. The result are (1) Based on partial Cyt b genetic marker, there are two specific nucleotide sites on Sumatran tiger (sites 118 (G) and 369 (A)), and one specific amino acid site (site 40 (V)). Based on HVS-I of D-Loop genetic marker there are 12 specific nucleotide sites (sites 24 (G), 74 (A), 76 (A), 88 (C), 179 (C) 302 (G), 318 (T), 393 (T), 406 (G) 417 (A), 430 (A), 488 (G)). From this research, Cyt b genetic marker is suitable to differentiate between subspecies of tiger while HVS-I of D-loop is suitable to differentiate between subspecies and individual; (2) Based on HVS-I of D-loop genetic marker shows that the phylogeny of Sumatran tiger from Jambi has close relation with ones from Riau. In additional, both are closer with Sumatran tiger from Medan rather than the ones from Bengkulu. Compared to other tiger subspecies in the world, The Sumatran tiger has the closest relation with the Indian tiger and the farthest relation with the South Chinese tiger.

Keywords: Sumatran tiger, genetic conservation, Cyt. b, D-loop


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A Study of Reproductive Period of Tigers (Panthera tigris) Ex Situ

NISA BILA SABRINA HAISYA. A Study of Reproductive Period of Tigers (Panthera tigris) Ex Situ. Supervised by LIGAYA ITA TUMBELAKA.

Tigers (Panthera tigris) are the largest cat in the world. However, the number of tigers in the wild started declining since the earlier of twentieth century. Therefore, the world conservation agencies declared the tiger status as endangered species. Some of the tigers status are even declared as critically endangered and extinct in the wild. Many local conservation institutions have been active to increase the tiger numbers. Nevertheless, there were not sufficient studies in tiger reproduction to optimize the conservation efforts. This study aims to analyze the reproductive period of tigress (female tiger) and its correlation with geography, life span, frequency of giving birth and age at the first reproduction activity. Sixty nine (69) Amur, 60 Sumatran, 30 Bengal, and 12 South China tigers were selected as samples. Samples were statistically analyzed using Spearman, Kruskal Wallis, oneway ANOVA, and descriptive test. The result showed that the reproductive period has not showed siginficant differences within subspecieses and geography. Although, there were significant correlation (p<0 .01="" a="" activity.="" age="" aims="" an="" analysis="" and="" are="" at="" be="" between="" birth.="" birth="" breeding="" by="" captive="" conservation="" earlier="" every="" experience="" factor="" first="" for="" frequency="" gave="" given="" giving="" global="" greater="" has="" important="" improvement="" in="" institution.="" institution="" is="" knowledge="" lead="" life="" longer.="" longer="" management="" needed="" noted="" o:p="" of="" opportunity="" period="" population="" possibility="" raising="" reach="" reproduction="" reproductive="" should="" showed="" span="" that="" the="" those="" thus="" tiger="" tigress="" to="" world.="" would="">


Key words: reproductive period, reproduction, tiger, Panthera tigris, ex situ

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