Heri Sujoko. Evaluation
of Males Orangutan behavior (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii, Tiedmann 1808) in
the Center of Rehabilitation and Habitat. Under Direction of
Bambang Purwantara, Iman Supriatna and Muhammad Agil The
declining rate of the Borneo orangutan population in their natural habitat
is at an alarming level. In order to save and protect orangutan in their natural
habitat at Central Kalimantan, Mawas Conservation Program in Tuanan of Central
Kalimantan has been developed. On the other hand, Re-introduction program
of orangutan “Nyaru Menteng” has also been established to save confiscate
and rescue orangutan. Maintaining a sustainability of orangutan conservation
in Central Kalimantan, therefore conservation program at “Mawas” conservation
area and reintroduction program at Nyaru Menteng have to be continuously
retained and developed. An effective orangutan conservation required
data and information on the population dynamic in the field and behavior of
the orangutan in their natural habitat and during rehabilitation program. The
aims of the study are: (1) to estimate the number and density of
population, and the identification of demography orangutans at
the Orangutan Research Station Tuanan (SPOT); (2) identify
patterns of social interaction and the male reproductive
strategies; (3) determining the level of aggressiveness of the male orangutan
is based on the origin of the animals during the rehabilitation process at
home; and (4) identify abnormal behavior during the male orangutan
rehabilitation process.
Based on the
results of the census in the SPOT area of 11.84 km2 for 15 months
using direct encounter methods in 55 transects. Orangutans have been counted as
much as 49 individuals, consisting of: 12 infants, 2 juvenile, 10 adult females,
15 cheek pad males (flanged male), and 10 un-flanged males; and population
density was about 4.13 in the range of 4-5 individuals/km². Based on the
frequency and duration of the individual's presence at the scene during orangutan
census, there are found three adult males with differ demographic status,
namely: a resident male as much as 32%, commuter male is about 44% and as much
as 24% of nomad male.
The condition of
degraded secondary forests in the SPOT has negative impact on the life of a
male orangutan, such as lack of quality food sources; often orangutans are on the
ground to look for new food sources; and limited number of large trees that are
required to support orangutan stays arboreal. A decrease of habitat has an
impact on orangutan activities such as reduced roaming area that lead to
increase a chance of individual encounters, although orangutan has a solitary
social system. Such environmental conditions, resulting in orangutans living in
more severe stress than living in primary forests. Observations show that adult
males are not tolerant of other adult males. Every encounter between two adult
males ended with fights. Flanged male reproductive strategies are noiseless long
(long call) and wait for the arrival of adult females, while males actively
seek female un-flanged silence. Flanged was dominant male mating with choosing
a suitable partner, while males un-flanged with force and less cooperative. On
the one hand, adult females prefer a male accompanying flanged dominant than
unflanged male or flanged male subordinate, so to male reproductive success
unflanged and flanged subordinate must use the remaining time or opportunity
that is obtained from flanged male dominant.
Based on its
origins, orangutans confiscated origin or the results of the public submission
or captive generally have a low level of aggressiveness (+), so it cannot be
released for reintroduction. Orangutans in the wild origin rescued generally
have a high level of aggressiveness (+++), thus potentially faster done reintroduction.
The high level of aggression is because they were born and raised in a natural
habitat, so it has had a life skill. Meanwhile, the origin of the zoo orangutan
friendly partly to the presence of observers and some others have a level of
aggressiveness moderate (++), so it cannot be done because there is still the
potential reintroduction to attack humans. Orangutans are in the process of
rehabilitation showed abnormal behavior, although the type and frequency varies
among individuals. There are nine types of behavior stereotypes (include: the
behavior of applause, begging, spitting, licking fingers/arms, drinking his own
urine, peek, pacing, dance and holding his own head); and four types of
abnormal sexual behavior (including: masturbation, homosexuality, and the
stimulation of the genitals). Abnormal behavior more dominant performed by
orangutans originating from captive and zoo. Abnormal behavior will appear on
orangutans reared in the Rehabilitation Center of more than 5 years.
In conclusion,
(1) the number of orangutans in the area SPOT are as many as 49 individuals
with 4.13 density or in the range of 4-5 individuals / km², consist of resident
male (32%), commuters male (44%), and nomad male (24%); (2) degraded
environment at SPOT region resulted in orangutans living in stress. The frequency
of interaction is increased as a result of overlapping home range occurred. For
the reproductive success, un-flanged and flanged male subordinate must use the
remaining time or opportunity that is derived from the dominant male flanged;
(3) based on its origin rescue orangutans origin have the highest level of
aggressiveness; (4) orangutans who are in the process of rehabilitation showed
abnormal behavior, it is known there are nine types of stereotypes and four types
of abnormal sexual behavior.
Suggestions,
conservation programs in the region SPOT Tuanan need to improve habitat and the
environmental condition; provide orangutan with socially placement in a
rehabilitation center with a wider space; and the provision of environmental
enrichment in the cage is the most effective way to prevent the occurrence or
increase of abnormal behavior; rehabilitation process is not longer than 5
years to avoid the occurrence of abnormal behavior.
Keywords:
Population size, behavior, orangutan, rehabilitation, reintroduction
Labels:
Journal,
Konservasi,
Orang Utan
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