HANIF
FARCHANI. Qualitative Risk Assessment on Introduction of Rabies from Sumatera
Island to Kepulauan Riau Province. Supervised by ETIH SUDARNIKA and MIRNAWATI
SUDARWANTO.
Rabies
is a zoonotic disease caused by virus which could be transmitted from animals
to humans. It occurs in more than 150 countries in the world. Rabies is
potential to cause death in animals and humans. Kepulauan Riau Province is a
rabies-free areas. Nevertheless, this province has a threat to be infected with
rabies fom Sumatera Island. Kepulauan Riau Province prohibits the entrance of
animal transmitting rabies since Bali had rabies outbreak in 2008.
Qualitative
risk assessment on introduction of rabies from Sumatra Island to the Kepulauan
Riau Province was conducted to assess the likelihood of entry and spread of
rabies, especially in Bintan Island through dogs. The aim of this study was to
estimate the likelihood of introduction risk of rabies. The risk assessment was
done by following the import risk analysis standards of the OIE (World
Organization for Animal Health). The method of risk assessement was refered to
Biosecurity Australia. Uncertainty was refered to the European Food Safety
Authority (EFSA). The primary data were obtained by direct observation and
in-depth interviews with experts (expert opinion) and key informants
(quarantine officers, veterinarians, related institutions, dog owners, security
officers, the ship captains, and baggage workers). Published or unpublished
scientific reports, surveillance results, laboratory test results were used as
secondary data.
In
the release assessment, it was found that the purpose of dogs entering the
island was mostly to be used as pet animals and hunter dogs. The dogs entered
the Bintan Island through port point (sea point). The likelihood of release
assessment was high. This high likelihood of release assessment involved mainly
endemic rabies status of Sumatera Island, a lot of number bite cases‟ reports,
low of vaccination coverage, and low of public awarenesss. This release
assessment had low uncertainty.
In
the exposure assessment, the likelihood of exposure was divided into two ways,
i.e., through pet dogs and hunter dogs. The likelihood of exposure in the pet
dogs was very low because the dogs were kept restricted in houses or fenced
areas and the implementation of dog health management was good. These caused
very low contacts (exposures) to humans, susceptible animals, and other dogs.
Nevertheless, the likelihood of exposure in hunter dogs was high because of the
contacts between the hunter dogs and humans, susceptible animals, and other
dogs were high. The hunter dogs were not kept restricted and their health
management was less concerned. At the time of hunting, the possibility of
interaction or exposures of hunter dogs to humans, other hunter dogs, and wild
animals was high. The frequence of hunting increased the spread of rabies.
The
consequence assessment involved direct and indirect consequences. The
likelihood of consequence assessment was very high. The direct consequence
involved death in humans and animals. The indirect consequences included high
cost of control and eradication measures. Furthermore, rabies could cause
negative impacts on international trade, tourisms, and community.
The
risk estimate on the introduction of rabies from Sumatera Island to Kepulauan
Riau Province was very high which was the results of release assessment,
exposure assessment, and consequence assessment. The uncertainty level was low.
In order to reduce the high risk, it was necessary to implement the risk
management. The risk management included the issue of entry permit of dogs or
rabies transmiting animals into Kepulauan Riau Province which stated that the
animals come from free rabies area with the presentation of veterinary health
certificate and have been vaccinated against rabies, control of hunting
activities by veterinary officers, and increase of public awereness through
communication, information, and education on rabies using printed and
electronic media.
Key
words: dog, rabies, risk assessment
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